diff --git a/.idea/GOHCache.xml b/.idea/GOHCache.xml
index f72a8fe..9713f4a 100644
--- a/.idea/GOHCache.xml
+++ b/.idea/GOHCache.xml
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@
         <entry key="file://$PROJECT_DIR$/crud/curd.go">
           <value>
             <ScannedPath>
-              <option name="lastModified" value="1772675013830" />
+              <option name="lastModified" value="1772676907769" />
               <option name="schema">
                 <list>
                   <option value="Paginate" />
diff --git a/crud/curd.go b/crud/curd.go
index 6cafbc2..803a08e 100644
--- a/crud/curd.go
+++ b/crud/curd.go
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ func (c Crud[R]) ClearField(req any, delField []string, subField ...map[string]a
 }
 
 // ClearFieldPage -------------------------- 原ClearFieldPage对应实现：清理参数+分页查询 --------------------------
-func (c Crud[R]) ClearFieldPage(ctx ctx, req any, delField []string, where any, page *Paginate, order any, with map[string]func(db gorm.PreloadBuilder) error) (items []*R, total int64, err error) {
+func (c Crud[R]) ClearFieldPage(ctx ctx, req any, delField []string, where any, page *Paginate, order any, with map[string]func(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB) (items []*R, total int64, err error) {
 	// 1. 清理请求参数
 	filterMap := c.ClearField(req, delField)
 
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ func (c Crud[R]) ClearFieldPage(ctx ctx, req any, delField []string, where any,
 }
 
 // ClearFieldList -------------------------- 原ClearFieldList对应实现：清理参数+列表查询（不分页） --------------------------
-func (c Crud[R]) ClearFieldList(ctx ctx, req any, delField []string, where any, order any, with map[string]func(db gorm.PreloadBuilder) error) (items []*R, err error) {
+func (c Crud[R]) ClearFieldList(ctx ctx, req any, delField []string, where any, order any, with map[string]func(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB) (items []*R, err error) {
 	filterMap := c.ClearField(req, delField)
 	db := c.Dao.Ctx(ctx).Model(new(R))
 
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ func (c Crud[R]) ClearFieldList(ctx ctx, req any, delField []string, where any,
 }
 
 // ClearFieldOne -------------------------- 原ClearFieldOne对应实现：清理参数+单条查询 --------------------------
-func (c Crud[R]) ClearFieldOne(ctx ctx, req any, delField []string, where any, order any, with map[string]func(db gorm.PreloadBuilder) error) (item *R, err error) {
+func (c Crud[R]) ClearFieldOne(ctx ctx, req any, delField []string, where any, order any, with map[string]func(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB) (item *R, err error) {
 	item = new(R)
 	filterMap := c.ClearField(req, delField)
 	db := c.Dao.Ctx(ctx).Model(item)
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ func (c Crud[R]) ArrayField(ctx ctx, where any, field any) []interface{} {
 }
 
 // FindPri -------------------------- 原FindPri对应实现：按主键查询单条记录 --------------------------
-func (c Crud[R]) FindPri(ctx ctx, primaryKey any, with map[string]func(db gorm.PreloadBuilder) error) (model *R) {
+func (c Crud[R]) FindPri(ctx ctx, primaryKey any, with map[string]func(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB) (model *R) {
 	model = new(R)
 	db := c.Dao.Ctx(ctx).Model(model)
 	pk := c.Dao.PrimaryKey()
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ func (c Crud[R]) FindPri(ctx ctx, primaryKey any, with map[string]func(db gorm.P
 }
 
 // -------------------------- 原First对应实现：按条件查询第一条记录 --------------------------
-func (c Crud[R]) First(ctx ctx, where any, order any, with map[string]func(db gorm.PreloadBuilder) error) (model *R) {
+func (c Crud[R]) First(ctx ctx, where any, order any, with map[string]func(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB) (model *R) {
 	model = new(R)
 	db := c.Dao.Ctx(ctx).Model(model)
 
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ func (c Crud[R]) Exists(ctx ctx, where any) (exists bool) {
 }
 
 // -------------------------- 原All对应实现：查询所有符合条件的记录 --------------------------
-func (c Crud[R]) All(ctx ctx, where any, order any, with map[string]func(db gorm.PreloadBuilder) error) (items []*R) {
+func (c Crud[R]) All(ctx ctx, where any, order any, with map[string]func(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB) (items []*R) {
 	db := c.Dao.Ctx(ctx).Model(new(R))
 
 	if with != nil {
@@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ func (c Crud[R]) UpdatePri(ctx ctx, primaryKey any, data any) (count int64) {
 }
 
 // -------------------------- 原Paginate对应实现：分页查询 --------------------------
-func (c Crud[R]) Paginate(ctx context.Context, where any, p Paginate, with map[string]func(db gorm.PreloadBuilder) error, order any) (items []*R, total int64) {
+func (c Crud[R]) Paginate(ctx context.Context, where any, p Paginate, with map[string]func(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB, order any) (items []*R, total int64) {
 	db := c.Dao.Ctx(ctx).Model(new(R))
 
 	// 1. 构建查询条件